Bouling Group Co., Ltd

Knowledge

Cyclohexane: From Production Floor to Future Frontiers

Historical Development

Chemists started looking at cyclohexane after the boom in organic chemistry during the nineteenth century. Over time, the manufacturing process shifted from labor-intensive manual extraction from petroleum fractions to relying on catalytic hydrogenation technology. German chemist Adolf von Baeyer, known for his work on aromatic compounds, set off the early stir with theoretical studies of cyclohexane’s stereochemistry. Industry, spurred by the demands for nylon and other synthetic fibers, adopted cyclohexane as a key intermediate. World War II brought technical innovation, transforming this simple cycloalkane into a backbone for mass-produced polymers. Reliability in production kept climbing, with modern refineries now running massive operations that generate cyclohexane on a huge scale.

Product Overview

Cyclohexane appears as a clear, flammable liquid with a mild, sweet odor that brings back memories of school chemistry labs and oil refinery visits. Factories churn it out to make nylon intermediates, solvents, paint removers, plasticizers, and degreasers. You’ll spot it in barrels at chemical plants, with strict control over purity grades—sometimes for pharmaceutical synthesis, sometimes for demanding polymer work. Workers use cyclohexane in controlled environments to keep fire and health risks at bay, and warehouses stack drums following fire codes stricter than those for your average warehouse. Packaged for the right user, this isn’t something anyone keeps close to food or sensitive electronics.

Physical & Chemical Properties

On paper, cyclohexane’s molecular formula might look simple—C6H12—but its chemistry can catch you off guard. Boiling at about 80 Celsius, it evaporates quickly and forms explosive air mixtures near open flames or static sparks. It barely mixes with water, pooling on the surface, while it dissolves most fats, oils, and resins that other solvents can’t handle. Standard storage and shipping involve steel drums under nitrogen blankets because cyclohexane reacts poorly to oxygen, which can creep in and start slow oxidations, forming dangerous peroxides. Years spent supervising solvent stores taught me to treat cyclohexane with as much regard as any of the hazardous chemicals, especially around hot engines or electrical switches.

Technical Specifications & Labeling

Facilities receiving shipments check assay concentrations above 99.5%, measuring water and peroxide contents to avoid chain reactions or corrosion. Every drum needs international hazard diamonds, UN identification numbers, and tightly sealed vents. The regulatory side stands strong—one accidental spill brings inspectors straight onto the shop floor. Cyclohexane labels always warn against open flames, static discharge, and skin contact, lessons reinforced by real-world accidents where a stray spark turned a benign workday into a disaster. I’ve watched teams run practice drills to manage leaks or splashes, because knowing the specs is useless if people panic or ignore warning signs during emergencies.

Preparation Method

Producers usually turn to catalytic hydrogenation of benzene. High-pressure reactors, metal catalysts—often nickel or platinum—and precisely controlled conditions convert aromatic benzene to saturated cyclohexane. This reaction consumes vast amounts of hydrogen, so facilities pipe in purified gases and keep oxygen far away. Alternative processes, like distilling cyclohexane from crude oil fractions, lack the efficiency big plants demand. The technology supporting large-scale hydrogenation goes far beyond the bench-top apparatus. Sensors, automated valves, and round-the-clock operators secure every batch, because any deviation can drop yield or compromise safety. My technical visits to these plants always end with the same message: control and maintenance keep the process safe and productive.

Chemical Reactions & Modifications

Cyclohexane stands out not because it’s highly reactive itself, but because chemists can coax all kinds of changes from its structure. Controlled oxidation leads to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, both critical feedstocks for nylon. Exposure to ultraviolet light, or strong acids, reorganizes its ring, which sits at the crux of many studies in organic chemistry. Halogenation seems direct at first, but managing byproducts and ensuring clean reactions challenge even seasoned researchers. Labs test countless catalysts, and R&D budgets continually fund improvements that seek more efficiency and selectivity. Changes in regulations on emissions and waste keep pushing innovation, with researchers striving to achieve "greener" chemistry in every step.

Synonyms & Product Names

In warehouses, databases, and literature, cyclohexane goes by several names: hexahydrobenzene, hexamethylene, and simply "CYC" on short-form batch tags. Chemical indexing systems like CAS assign it number 110-82-7, making cross-border shipments traceable and compliant. In my time working with chemical suppliers, confusion sometimes erupted when product codes got mixed up. Teams must triple-check paperwork before unloading a shipment, since an error in labeling cyclohexane poses far bigger risks than an administrative headache.

Safety & Operational Standards

Cyclohexane’s flammability drives many safety procedures. The flash point hovers at just one degree Celsius, setting a low bar for potential ignition. Plant workers suit up in antistatic clothing; rooms come fitted with explosion-proof fixtures. Storage areas keep tanks segregated from sources of heat, and automated detectors scan for leaks every minute of the day. Chronic exposure can dull senses, with headaches, drowsiness, or worse when ventilation fails. Health and safety authorities keep standards rigid, knowing that small lapses trigger big events. My training in emergency response stressed that workers should never ignore a single symptom—eye irritation, dizziness, nausea. These warning signs call for immediate action.

Application Area

Cyclohexane rarely appears directly in consumer products, yet it holds a silent presence in everyday items through its derivatives. Nylon rope, fishing line, and performance textiles rely on cyclohexane-derived intermediates. It acts as a solvent during adhesive manufacture, coatings development, and sometimes helps in purifying other chemicals. Even high-end laboratory analyses employ cyclohexane during organic separations. Professional painters talk about its role in degreasing metal surfaces; polymer engineers care about how cyclohexane helps optimize fiber quality during fiber spinning. Its far-reaching influence covers so many hands-on fields—coatings, adhesives, fibers—while consumers remain unaware of the invisible threads pulled by this solvent.

Research & Development

Scientists keep probing deeper into cyclohexane’s reactions, refining catalysis techniques to boost yield, cut waste, and lower emissions. Laboratories investigate new catalyst materials to replace rare and expensive metals. Monitoring technology helps catch side reactions before problems escalate. Studies on reaction kinetics dissect how heat, pressure, and chemical ratios drive the process, which in turn supports safer reactor design. Environmental concerns have steered R&D teams toward developing closed-loop systems and more efficient recycling for residues and spent solvents. My collaboration with industrial R&D teams often revolved around ongoing pilot projects targeting regulatory compliance and economic sustainability.

Toxicity Research

Cyclohexane’s health effects took years to uncover—not through animal tests alone, but through decades of occupational health studies. Inhalation brings light-headedness, nausea, and—in rare cases—long-term neurological impact. Skin contact sometimes triggers irritation; repeated overexposure leads to dryness and, in high doses, chemical burns. Medical journals publish case reports warning about accidental exposures and outlining treatment protocols. Plant safety officers undergo yearly training on acute and chronic toxicity, covering scenarios from minor spills to full-system leaks. Toxicologists now trace even low-level emissions, acknowledging that workers deserve protections grounded in the latest science. My exposure to these reports drove home the message: practical awareness—more than theory—keeps labs and sites safe.

Future Prospects

Shifting environmental parameters—such as carbon neutrality goals or regulatory bans—force industry players to reevaluate cyclohexane’s entire supply chain. Biobased alternatives, like those produced from plant-derived feedstock, carry promise but face barriers in scaling and product consistency. Digitalization of chemical manufacturing offers hope in predicting, controlling, and minimizing hazardous emissions. Lifecycle analysis tools help identify where losses or inefficiencies pile up, changing the conversation from "how much do we make?" to "how can we do it cleaner?" Policy changes in the coming years may alter which production methods dominate the market, or spark demand for recyclable or degradable derivatives. Deepening global partnerships between producers and academic researchers will likely steer cyclohexane’s future toward safer, more responsible uses.



What is cyclohexane used for?

Cyclohexane in Production—More Than Just a Chemical Name

Most people haven’t heard much about cyclohexane beyond a lab or classroom. Its importance goes right through many products we use every day. Manufacturers rely on it for making nylon, which shows up everywhere—from toothbrushes to seat belts. Cyclohexane acts as a starting block in this process. Through some pretty fascinating chemistry, factories turn it into cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol, then further down the line, nylon. Without it, industries find it tough to meet the constant demand for affordable, durable fibers.

Used As a Solvent

Painters and workers in factories have handled cyclohexane as a solvent for years. It helps dissolve and clean up tricky substances that water just won’t budge. Glues, paints, and coatings sometimes depend on cyclohexane to get the right texture and spread. Engineers favor it because it evaporates without leaving a greasy residue. That kind of practical experience sticks with anyone who’s worked with stubborn adhesives.

Fuel Research and Testing

Cyclohexane sometimes enters testing tanks at refineries and engine labs. Its chemical structure offers clues about how fuels might burn or break down. Scientists can benchmark fuel quality or assess engine performance using this simple ring-shaped molecule. These test results eventually shape cleaner or more efficient engines, showing cyclohexane’s unseen hand in the machines we drive and the pollution we breathe.

Safety—No Skipping Over Risks

People working with cyclohexane learn early on that it doesn’t mix well with open flames or careless handling. It gives off vapors that catch fire quickly, and breathing too much can lead to headaches, dizziness, or worse. In plenty of shops, workers wear gloves and respirators for a reason. Incidents in the past—factory fires, accidental spills—have taught companies to focus on training, ventilation, and safe storage. Regulations in the U.S., Europe, and Asia grew stricter after several workplace injuries brought the risks to the public’s attention.

Environmental Footprints and Waste

Factories using cyclohexane end up with leftover waste and emissions. If companies don’t capture or treat these byproducts, they can harm water and soil. Groundwater contamination or air quality warnings highlight real-world impacts when cyclohexane leaks. Technology now helps trap vapors before they reach the air. Wastewater treatment and recycling steps have improved over the years, but not every facility stays ahead of the curve. Community pressure and local watchdog groups sometimes step in if pollution turns into a repeat problem.

Finding Smarter Approaches

The value of cyclohexane in industry is clear, but so are the challenges. More engineers now work with “closed-loop” systems, where waste is reused instead of tossed out. Chemical recycling methods cut down on the need for fresh raw material and slash emissions. Some firms look at greener solvents as replacements in the long run, although nothing matches cyclohexane’s balance of cost and effectiveness just yet. Experience in the field shows that balancing safety, cost, and environment isn’t easy. Still, open communication, honest problem-solving, and newer technologies can push the industry closer to a cleaner, safer future. Products like nylon probably won’t disappear, so finding fair ways to manage cyclohexane use keeps mattering to workers, communities, and anyone buying everyday goods.

Is cyclohexane hazardous to health?

Everyday Exposure, Hidden Risks

Cyclohexane rarely makes headlines, but it is hardly a background player. Used all over the world in paints, adhesives, and as a raw material in the making of nylon, this colorless substance sees heavy action in factories and labs. Most folks outside the chemical industry have never seen it or even heard about it, but it shows up in more corners of the modern world than people expect. The question nags: How dangerous is this liquid, and should those of us who handle it regularly—or even just breathe near it—be more concerned?

Health Impacts: Not Just Skin Deep

Even quick exposure to cyclohexane can leave the body reeling. Breathing in the vapors irritates the nose and throat, triggers dizziness, headaches, and in some unlucky cases, nausea. Eyes and skin can sting, dry out, or break out in rashes. I remember walking through a factory where workers handled cyclohexane daily, and despite good airflow, some complained about headaches and itchy skin. Prolonged exposure often leads to more serious trouble. Chronic contact or breathing in those fumes for weeks or months can harm the liver and kidneys and damage the nervous system. Every reputable report from agencies like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) flags these issues.

Workplace Safety: A Constant Battle

Manufacturing plants and labs build their safety routines around these risks. Gloves, safety goggles, and good ventilation are the bare minimum. I’ve seen plant supervisors double-check that proper respirators get worn, especially in closed-off spaces. Ignoring these basic steps leads to people getting sick, and more than once I have seen companies slapped with hefty fines after cutting corners. There’s a real cost to skimping on worker health. Correct training and easy access to protective gear make the biggest difference in lowering health problems related to cyclohexane.

Fire Hazards and Environmental Concerns

Besides harming people who get too close, cyclohexane catches fire with shocking ease. It evaporates fast and its vapors can ignite, posing dangers in warehouses and factories where it gets stored in bulk. Reliable fire alarms, careful storage away from sparks or heat, and keeping only small amounts open at a time reduce those risks. Accidents still happen. Leaks and spills can contaminate soil and water. Cyclohexane itself does not build up in nature’s food chain like some heavy metals do, but it doesn’t mean cleaning up is simple. Local wildlife and waterways take a hit, at least until the compound disperses.

Solutions: Practical Steps Toward Safer Workplaces

Engineers and safety managers now turn to closed systems that keep cyclohexane contained during transfers or mixing. I’ve visited sites where remote sensors sniff out vapor leaks and alarm bells sound before concentrations get anywhere near dangerous levels. Regular health checks for workers show up problems early. Substituting safer solvents, where practical, also minimizes exposure, though industry often lags because of costs or performance needs.

Staying Informed, Staying Safe

Cyclohexane is not the villain of every accident, but treating it lightly brings real health consequences. Open discussion about risks, clear guidance, and a strong safety culture stand as the most honest path to protecting those who work with this chemical every day. The knowledge is out there—the real challenge lies in making good practices the rule, not the exception.

What is the boiling point of cyclohexane?

Chemistry Knowledge and Everyday Impact

Most folks outside of labs don’t stop to think about the boiling point of cyclohexane. Yet this number—80.7°C—really matters, especially if your job takes you anywhere near a chemical plant or a university chemistry lab. I once worked alongside chemists in a plant, and keeping track of boiling points was a daily routine. No one wanted an evaporated mess or, even worse, vapors floating into places they shouldn’t be.

Why Boiling Point Shapes Safety

Cyclohexane’s boiling point tells people the temperature where it turns into a gas and fills the air with flammable vapors. You light a match near cyclohexane vapor, you’ll remember not to forget your goggles again. Fires in industrial settings often come down to someone misjudging how hot something gets during a process, which can happen faster than you’d expect. Knowing this number saves lives.

Report after report from the Chemical Safety Board shows that slips like these never end well. In my time, I’ve seen even seasoned workers rush and skip the fine details. Vigilance with boiling points cuts down risks because it’s one less surprise.

Process Control and Efficiency

Every molecule in an industrial mixer matters. Cyclohexane, a key solvent in plastics and nylon, has a low boiling point compared to water. That means it evaporates fast—sometimes too fast. Operators want solvents that disappear during drying but hang around just long enough to do their job. Set the heat wrong, you waste product or gum up the works with residues.

Process control sits right at the intersection of cost and safety. Higher temperatures run the risk of venting flammable gas, while lower ones slow everything to a crawl. I’ve watched engineers go over boiler settings, slowly dialing in optimal temperatures for months just to shave down production times. Every degree counts.

Safe Practices Start With Reliable Data

The push for accuracy doesn’t just live in the textbooks. False data ends up fueling incidents and confusion. Reliable reference points—like 80.7°C for cyclohexane—mean teams can agree on safe procedures and auditing standards. No more guesswork about what will happen as the tank warms up or when purging lines during maintenance.

By making sure these basics stay up front, even a crowded plant floor can keep distractions from turning into emergencies. Safety experts hammer home that manuals and training need to drill in the correct figures, not outdated or hand-me-down lore. Mistakes come from moments of overconfidence and reliance on shortcuts.

Looking Forward: Smarter Handling for a Safer Workplace

Plant design, ventilation, and storage all spin around the flashpoints and boiling points of chemicals like cyclohexane. I’ve noticed newer facilities invest in digital monitors that alert crews as temperatures climb toward the critical mark. Better data means fewer close calls.

To cut down incidents even more, company leaders invest in routine education cycles and drills. The clearer the connection between a boiling point and possible danger, the easier it gets for workers—rookies and veterans alike—to make the right call.

Staying grounded in real figures like 80.7°C for cyclohexane keeps us all safer, and helps those who work hard with chemicals to do a job well, and live to see another day at home.

How should cyclohexane be stored?

Chemicals Demand More Than Just a Label

Cyclohexane looks pretty harmless at first glance—clear, doesn’t ask for much, easy to forget in the back of the lab. Still, it stands out among organic solvents for one big reason: it lights up fast. Folks who’ve spent a few years with industrial chemicals know storage shapes safety just as much as gloves or goggles. Cyclohexane has a flash point below room temperature, and one mistake could start a fire you can’t easily put out.

Fire Risk Speaks Louder Than Labels

I’ve walked past storage closets where bottles sit near a hot water source, or squeeze into cluttered spaces with solvents side by side with acids—guess what, that’s not just lazy, that’s how you wind up calling emergency services. Cyclohexane vapors climb into the air, mix with oxygen, and just wait for a stray spark or a static zap. The fire marshal might not forgive a misstep, and neither will your insurance company.

Temperature and Air: Partners in Trouble

Every chemical handbook flags the fire risk, yet many workplaces cut corners on temperature control. Cyclohexane belongs in well-ventilated rooms, away from sunlight, space heaters, or even offices that get too warm. If your nose picks up a whiff of solvent, ventilation isn’t cutting it. Proper airflow is more than an engineer’s checklist—it sends vapors out instead of letting them pool at floor level where ignition sneaks up silently.

Metal Guardians: Why Container Choice Isn’t Trivial

Glass bottles don’t always cut it. That thin stopper or loose lid will leak vapors, and the wrong cap can react. Cyclohexane fares best in tightly sealed metal drums or cans, built to hold up over years. Plastic can get brittle with time, giving leaks an easy path. Metal containers offer real protection if grounded properly to control static. Temporary fixes, like reused jugs, usually create an accident waiting to happen.

Skip the Improvisation: Dedicated Flammable Cabinets Have Purpose

Plenty of folks, especially in smaller labs, invent their own solutions—a locked drawer, a box under a sink. In the long run, a certified flammable storage cabinet repays its cost in peace of mind. These cabinets pull double duty: thick metal blocks flames, door vents let out pressure, and they signal everyone nearby that danger lives inside. I’ve visited sites hit by unexpected fires—regular shelving turns those fires into disasters, but a flammable cabinet slows catastrophe.

Rethinking Labels and Crew Training

One missing detail on a label or instruction sheet has tripped up even experienced hands. Cyclohexane demands bold, easy-to-read warning labels about its flammability. Stock rotation matters, too—old containers corrode or get forgotten, risking leaks. Regular training lets teams check dates, swap out weakened containers, and review emergency measures without waiting for a drill. This isn’t busywork; it’s the backbone of staying safe.

Solid Emergency Prep Keeps Everyone Safe

Fires start from forgotten problems—faulty outlets, cluttered aisles, or a smoke break too close to storage. Emergency supplies help, but they don’t replace day-to-day vigilance. Fire extinguishers, updated spill kits, and a clear path to the exit always outrank fancy signage or glossy manuals. I’ve seen how discipline in routine checks—paired with real accountability—keeps a team and a company off the accident report.

Smart Storage is Respect, Not Just Compliance

Cutting corners out of convenience or cost with cyclohexane never pans out well. Treating solvent storage as a serious matter keeps workplaces running and brings everyone home at the end of the day. That simple respect for danger—and each other—marks the difference between a near miss and a tragedy.

Is cyclohexane soluble in water?

The Struggle Between Oil and Water – Cyclohexane’s Story

Take a glass of water and pour in a little cyclohexane. You might expect some chemistry magic. Instead, you’ll watch two layers form, as if they want nothing to do with each other. This isn’t some chemistry prank. Cyclohexane just doesn’t dissolve in water. This might sound trivial, but the story behind this stubborn separation matters.

Understanding the Roots: Chemistry and Everyday Impact

Cyclohexane serves as a backbone for countless industrial and academic projects. Its ring structure, packed with carbon and hydrogen, is as nonpolar as it gets. Water, on the other hand, clings fiercely to itself through hydrogen bonds, forming a kind of molecular neighborhood watch. Drop in something oily—like cyclohexane—and water’s going to push it away. The numbers underscore this divide. Cyclohexane barely cracks 5 milligrams per liter in water, far lower than lots of familiar solvents.

The chemistry behind this might feel abstract. But consider the practical side. Take safety in chemical plants. Cyclohexane makes up part of the feedstock for nylon production. If cyclohexane were to dissolve easily in water, disaster cleanups would look different. A big spill could slip undetected into waterways, escaping site containment. Because cyclohexane floats on top, cleanup crews can track and isolate the mess more efficiently. The poor solubility acts as a warning system.

Environmental Health and Why the Science Matters

Solubility isn’t a footnote in textbooks. On a personal level, I’ve seen the impact during environmental science fieldwork. During an incident near an industrial site, a small leak sent a hydrocarbon plume trickling down a creek. Detecting which solvent was present helped decide what steps the cleanup team took. Cyclohexane’s reluctance to blend in with water meant we could use skimmers and booms. With a more soluble compound, we would have faced months of groundwater monitoring and remediation.

Research backs up the health questions too. Cyclohexane does not dissolve much, so aquatic organisms face more exposure from contact at the surface than from what’s dissolved. A 2022 review in the journal Environmental Pollution found that low water solubility shifts the toxics risk away from gills and tissues toward skin and eggs directly exposed to the floating layer. This knowledge shapes regulations and response plans.

Industry, Laboratories, and Potential Solutions

Cyclohexane’s poor water solubility shapes how chemists and engineers pick solvents, especially in labs. Experienced hands know that separating water from hydrocarbon solvents like cyclohexane is as easy as waiting a few minutes for layers to settle. No need for fancy equipment or expensive treatments. But this simplicity has a flipside: wastewater flushed from factories has to be watched carefully. Even trace amounts of cyclohexane mark up the pollution footprint, so better detection and interception systems mean a cleaner water table.

Solutions tend to rest with better processes, regular testing, and public awareness. Instead of treating spills after the fact, more sites are adapting sensors and smart valves that can shut off supply at the hint of a leak. On the research side, scientists are exploring biodegradable surfactants to disperse any cyclohexane left in stormwater, making cleanup less of a headache.

Real Talk: The Importance Beyond Chemistry Class

Ask anyone working with chemicals, and they’ll remind you that a property like solubility can change the outcome of a whole project. Cyclohexane’s refusal to mix with water simplifies some tasks and complicates others. It’s a reminder that small molecules, and our understanding of their quirks, can ripple out to affect land, water, and public health. Keeping an eye on these details means safer workspaces and cleaner communities.

Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane
Names
Preferred IUPAC name Cyclohexane
Other names Hexahydrobenzene
Hexamethylene
Hexanaphthene
Perhydrobenzene
Pronunciation /ˌsaɪ.kləˈhɛk.seɪn/
Identifiers
CAS Number 110-82-7
Beilstein Reference 1204226
ChEBI CHEBI:2926
ChEMBL CHEMBL940
ChemSpider 8078
DrugBank DB11583
ECHA InfoCard ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.601
EC Number 203-806-2
Gmelin Reference 468
KEGG C06521
MeSH D003434
PubChem CID 8078
RTECS number GU6300000
UNII GUX2XTL5IZ
UN number UN1145
Properties
Chemical formula C6H12
Molar mass 84.16 g/mol
Appearance Colorless liquid
Odor Sweet, chloroform-like
Density 0.7785 g/cm³
Solubility in water slightly soluble
log P 3.44
Vapor pressure 13 kPa (at 20 °C)
Acidity (pKa) 47
Basicity (pKb) 15.68
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) -7.64 × 10⁻⁶
Refractive index (nD) 1.426
Viscosity 0.894 mPa·s
Dipole moment 0.00 D
Thermochemistry
Std molar entropy (S⦵298) 173.0 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) -123.1 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) -3920.0 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
ATC code V04CX07
Hazards
GHS labelling GHS02, GHS07, GHS08
Pictograms GHS02,GHS07
Signal word Warning
Hazard statements H225, H304, H315, H319, H336, H411
Precautionary statements P210, P261, P271, P280, P301+P310, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P312, P331, P370+P378, P403+P235, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 1-3-0-F
Flash point -20 °C
Autoignition temperature 245 °C
Explosive limits 1.3–8.0%
Lethal dose or concentration LD50 oral rat 12705 mg/kg
LD50 (median dose) LD50 (median dose) of Cyclohexane: "12.7 g/kg (oral, rat)
NIOSH CY1400000
PEL (Permissible) 300 ppm
REL (Recommended) 25 ppm
IDLH (Immediate danger) 1300 ppm