Knowledge
Piperazine 68% (PIP-68%): A Broad Look at Its Role and Realities
Historical Development
Chemistry has a way of blending curiosity with practical problems. Piperazine’s story began in the late nineteenth century, back when scientists worked long days in dim laboratories to find solutions for diseases that ravaged populations. The discovery of piperazine offered hope, notably in treating parasitic infections. Over time, shifting demand in both pharmaceuticals and industry pushed chemists to refine piperazine’s manufacturing processes. In the decades that followed, attention turned toward more specific formulations, which included concentrated forms like PIP-68%. Boosted by developments in synthesis and purification, this concentration started to appear on the radar for more specialized roles. Today, chemists can trace the product’s ancestry through a history of scientific hurdles, collaborative effort, and a constant push for safer, purer, and more effective solutions in medicine and material science.
Product Overview
PIP-68% doesn’t grab headlines on its own, but its presence shapes industries. In basic terms, this is an aqueous solution with a notably high percentage of active piperazine content: 68% by weight. The rest is water, which acts not only as a diluent but as a means to temper reactivity. In contrast to piperazine in tablet or powder form, PIP-68% caters to environments where controlled liquid application matters most, and offers operators better handling with less dust and spillage. Its clarity and viscosity give a practical sense of what it delivers: a product you can measure, store, and introduce into processes without too many surprises.
Physical & Chemical Properties
Anyone dealing with chemicals knows spills and fumes make for long days. PIP-68% appears as a colorless to slightly yellowish liquid, with a distinct ammoniacal odor that cuts through the air. Its density, sitting higher than water, makes it easy to differentiate during storage checks. People on the job care about its high alkalinity, since piperazine stands as a heterocyclic amine with multiple nitrogen atoms capable of picking up protons. This matters for those who work around metals, paints, or other reactives, as the product can corrode or react with sensitive surfaces. Its melting point sits well below ambient, turning the need for winter heating or insulation into a non-issue for most facilities.
Technical Specifications & Labeling
Working in manufacturing, you quickly learn that clear labeling saves lives and money. PIP-68% typically ships with concentration marked on the drum, batch number, and detailed safety instructions. Specifications handed to workers include pH (usually above 10.5), minimum assay guaranteed by titration, and thresholds for impurities like heavy metals and chloride. Exporters and importers must heed regional regulations, so drums and intermediate bulk containers often carry multi-lingual warning panels. Labels reference hazard classes, emergency actions, and even proper disposal routes, based on the latest GHS (Globally Harmonized System) standards.
Preparation Method
Piperazine production started out straightforward, derived as a byproduct in the caustic distillation of coal tar. Today’s cleaner and scalable methods involve hydrogenation of diethylenediamine under controlled temperature and pressure, followed by purification and neutralization. To yield PIP-68%, pure piperazine is carefully diluted with pre-treated water under a nitrogen atmosphere to avoid oxidation or contamination. The attention to water quality makes a difference, especially for pharmaceutical or food-grade applications. Manufacturers sample each batch for pH and concentration before sending the drums to the warehouse. In operations, strict batch records link each drum to its origin and handling, making recalls or investigations smoother if anything goes wrong.
Chemical Reactions & Modifications
Piperazine’s value shows up in its willingness to combine or react with a range of chemicals. In lab classes, students learn how its basic nitrogen centers serve as nucleophiles, readily quenching acids or grabbing onto electrophilic reagents. These traits give rise to a family of derivatives, including antihistamines and antifungal agents. On the industrial side, PIP-68% takes part in gas sweetening reactions, removing CO₂ and H₂S from natural gas streams by forming stable salts with acid gases. This single effect cuts down corrosion in pipelines and pushes efficiency up in refineries. Seasoned chemists sometimes tweak the solution further—by adding stabilizers or mixing it with co-solvents—when a very narrow temperature or reactivity window fits a project or process.
Synonyms & Product Names
People at chemical plants use varied terms based on geography and sector. “Aqueous piperazine,” “PIP-68% solution,” and even abbreviations like “PZ 68%” show up on invoices and manifests. In Asia, factories import it as “Piperazine Hexahydrate Solution.” The US EPA, Indian Food Safety Board, and EU regulators use slightly different vocabulary, pulling in trade names and registry numbers. Checking original purchase orders or Material Safety Data Sheets makes sense before mixing batches or loading delivery trucks. Switching between product names can confuse, which is why supervisors stick with concentration and batch number to avoid crossed wires.
Safety & Operational Standards
No chemical gets far without a look at safety. Working with PIP-68% means keeping eye protection, gloves, and good ventilation on hand. Exposure to the skin causes irritation, and the fumes bother respiratory systems quickly, especially in closed rooms. Training isn’t just a box-tick; in real factories, teams run drills on neutralizing spills and reporting near-misses. Storage tanks need corrosion-proof materials and clean seals, since leaking valves cost more than preventive replacement ever will. Emergency showers and clean-up kits must stay close. In the US, OSHA ties requirements not just to immediate hazard, but to chronic exposure and possible downstream health effects. Across Europe and Southeast Asia, new laws add stricter reporting of even minor spills, driven by growing attention to chemical safety at both local and international levels.
Application Area
The main job of PIP-68% tracks back to its roots in deworming medicines, where it paralyzes roundworms in humans and animals. Over the years, shifts in technology brought the chemical into the frontline of natural gas processing, as its ability to absorb acid gases helped clean output before compression or shipment. Mining sites tap piperazine blends to reduce emissions and reclaim metals during ore processing flows. Specialty resin-makers use it to lend structure and crosslinking strength to their final products. In water treatment, PIP-68% jumps into the mix as a buffer additive or part of cleaning solutions, keeping pipes and tanks free from scale buildup. Universities and contract labs keep bottles of PIP-68% on shelves, knowing that new uses could open up in synthesis or materials development.
Research & Development
Recent years brought a swell of research into how piperazine-based solutions perform under real-world pressures and temperatures. Across major research universities and petrochemical companies, trials test how PIP-68% stands up when running in long loops with high-sulfur gas streams. Teams work to cut solvent loss, boost reaction rates, and limit build-up of heat-stable salts. Pharma researchers keep a close eye on metabolite profiles, always watching for lower-toxicity variants or better pharmacokinetics. Shift supervisors hand off samples to QA teams, who subject each lot to chromatography and wet-chemistry checklists. International partnerships, motivated both by cleaner energy and cost savings, look for drop-in replacement chemicals that perform as well as piperazine, but with fewer regulatory headaches or long-term storage hazards. Out in the field, process engineers report any clustering, breakdown, or foaming—sharing lessons back to suppliers and plant designers.
Toxicity Research
Toxicologists argue about thresholds for years. While piperazine earned approval for medical use, evidence points to possible neurological and gastrointestinal effects at higher exposures. Operators report headaches, skin rashes, and difficulty breathing if they go without proper gear or work with poor ventilation systems. Long-term animal studies show links between repeated exposure and liver effects. Based on these, workplace exposure limits get tweaked upward or downward every few years, especially as more data emerges from large population studies. Environmental toxicologists check runoff water and soil samples near factories for metabolites and breakdown products. Laws reflect this concern, capping permissible effluents and calling for specialized containment and sensitive monitoring equipment at handling sites. As research continues, calls for safer formulations and stricter usage guidelines only grow louder.
Future Prospects
Innovation always chases problems. In the energy sector, as more countries switch to sour gas fields, demand for high-purity piperazine solutions grows. Ongoing research explores blends that lower volatility and solvent loss, eyeing both environmental and operator safety. Academic groups and drug companies keep tracking potential anti-parasitic or neurological therapies, testing how piperazine scaffolds might open doors to new medicines. Pressure mounts to find alternatives with a smaller ecological footprint, especially as climate rules tighten. Working with PIP-68% means learning to balance industrial power and responsibility—finding ways to get the job done, protect workers, and respect the world outside the plant fence. With enough attention and investment, the next chapter could leave real breakthroughs—whether in cleaner gas, safer workplaces, or unexpected therapies—on the table for the next generation.
The Science in Simple Terms
Piperazine holds a spot in industrial chemistry, but when you spot a label showing “Piperazine 68%,” you’re often dealing with a solution created specifically for efficiency and practicality. This version of piperazine dissolves in water, making it easier to handle in large-scale settings. Historically, piperazine’s claim to fame grew from its ability to tackle parasitic worms. Parents from earlier decades might even remember piperazine syrup or tablets from pediatric clinics, dispensed to cure pinworm or roundworm infections.
Why Piperazine 68% Shows Up in Flue Gas Treatment
Carbon capture changed the game for a chemical like piperazine. Factories and power stations vent enormous amounts of carbon dioxide into the air, and there’s a push to stop the steady stream of CO₂. Here’s where piperazine 68% steps in. Its chemistry gives it a knack for grabbing onto carbon dioxide from flue gas emissions. Experts lean on it to make carbon capture more affordable and practical. The world is chasing net zero, and piperazine in this form can help close that gap.
Some folks look at this and ask, “Why not just use older capture solvents?” The reason comes down to energy savings and resiliency. Piperazine is more stable than many amine solutions. It doesn’t break down as quickly when hammered by heat, so factories need less maintenance and buy fewer chemicals over time. That difference hits balance sheets and long-term project plans.
Beyond Industry: Agricultural Connections
Piperazine had a moment as a deworming medicine for livestock. Farmers relied on it, especially in regions with worm infestation problems among poultry or cattle. The 68% solution might seem high-strength, but veterinarians and agricultural suppliers know how to measure and dilute it so animals benefit without harm. As new medications arrived, day-to-day reliance on piperazine dropped. Still, it lingers as a backup, valued for its safety record and direct results.
The Safety Puzzle
Dealing with piperazine 68% isn’t for amateurs. It irritates the skin and eyes, so folks handling it need gloves and goggles—no cutting corners. Storage in tightly sealed drums stops fumes from leaking or water from diluting the product. Companies must train workers and regularly audit safety protocols. Some years ago, I spoke with plant staff who respected these chemicals but admitted shortcuts sometimes tempted busy teams. Institutional safety culture—daily reminders and strict routines—keeps people out of the emergency room.
Where Challenges Crop Up
Disposal and containment aren’t small matters. Waste streams with piperazine need careful handling. Environmental agencies keep tabs on residues because runoff can harm waterways. Some research even explores if trace amounts linger after carbon capture, shaping new rules for emissions and wastewater. Industry must act with care, or risk fines and loss of public trust.
Better Practices for the Future
Moving ahead, transparency makes the difference. Companies should share details on how they manage and monitor piperazine use, not just in glossy brochures but in audit records open to regulators and the public. Product tracking, innovation in purification, and alternative capture solvents also belong in regular discussion. At the end of the day, the balance between industrial progress and health still hangs on these decisions.
Understanding Piperazine 68% in Practice
Piperazine 68% has been a standby in the treatment of intestinal worms, especially in livestock and companion animals. Many livestock owners and pet parents have seen the worry of roundworm infestations up close. Getting dosing right means healthier animals and fewer worries about side effects or resistance. Those who have worked in animal care know how daunting it can be when a dewormer no longer does the job because of incorrect use.
Dosing Recommendations: No Guesswork
Veterinarians and experienced animal handlers have long relied on tried-and-true dosage guidelines. For most dogs and cats, the typical oral dose falls around 100 mg of piperazine base per kilogram of body weight, given as a single treatment. Poultry and swine usually receive 100-110 mg per kilogram in drinking water, often as a one-day course. Milk or food mixtures work for young animals or those that will not drink medicated water. These numbers come from decades of clinical use and research, not just short studies or out-of-date books.
Choosing the Right Method: Practical Considerations
Giving any medication gets tricky if animals shy away from unfamiliar tastes or noises during administration. Piperazine comes in liquid, powder, and tablet forms, each with pros and cons. For small animals, a flavored suspension goes down with less fuss. Farms use powders in bulk water tanks for pigs or chickens, saving hours of labor. No matter the method, it pays to mix the product thoroughly so every animal gets the intended amount.
I remember one summer working on a poultry farm, mixing piperazine in the drinking system. Uneven mixing left some birds untreated, so worm problems dragged on. Double-checking mixing instructions and watching water flow saved the flock. Experienced staff know shortcuts don’t just risk animal health—they often cost more over time.
Recognizing Limitations and Staying Safe
Piperazine isn’t a cure-all. It targets roundworms but does little against tapeworms or other gut bugs. That’s why it helps to confirm worm type before treatment. Many clinics use fecal exams so resources go toward the right medicine. Stick to the recommended number of treatments; repeated, high doses bring their own risks, such as staggering or vomiting, especially in young or weak animals.
Piperazine shouldn’t be used in animals with impaired kidney or liver function. Overdosing, especially in puppies or kittens, can lead to muscle tremors or nervousness. Stories circulate online about DIY treatments gone bad—animal owners get frustrated, but small mistakes have big consequences with medications. United States and EU regulators both describe piperazine as a prescription medication for these reasons. Anyone unsure about dosing should talk to a veterinary professional, not rely on secondhand advice or online anecdotes.
Balanced Use and Responsible Management
No single product wins against parasites forever. Rotating between different classes of dewormers, monitoring for signs of resistance, and running regular fecal checks all matter. It’s tempting to stick with what worked before, but resistance creeps up on a herd or kennel if routines never change. Veterinarians encourage record-keeping: jot down product, date, and animal batch any time a drug goes into the water or feed. This habit helps spot patterns and quickly catches problems before they spread.
Deworming remains one part of good care. Clean bedding, proper nutrition, and sensible quarantine practices round out parasite control far more than any medicine bottle alone. I’ve seen farms turn fortunes around by pairing these simple steps with smart, evidence-based dosing of products like piperazine. Success in parasite management does not hinge on one tool or ingredient but relies on vigilant eyes and steady hands.
Why People Use Piperazine 68%
Piperazine 68% shows up in many agricultural and veterinary settings as a dewormer. Farmers use it for livestock and poultry, hoping to keep parasites from wrecking flocks or herds. Anthelmintic drugs like this seem fairly accessible and potent, which sometimes leads to overconfidence or misuse.
Side Effects You Ought to Know
Few things in life come risk-free, and this holds true here. Piperazine 68% doesn’t take it easy on everyone. Animals often get through treatment without trouble, but now and then, things go sideways. Some animals get muscle tremors, restlessness, or sometimes even have trouble walking. Big doses make this worse. Because the drug impacts the nervous system, someone ignoring dosing recommendations risks seeing seizures or collapse, especially in animals already under stress or in weak health.
Digestive issues pop up as well. Vomiting, diarrhea, or mild gut upset could follow a dose. These problems rarely stick around for long in healthy animals, but young or sick stock can dry out and weaken fast. On farms that run on low margins, losing even a few animals to complications means a hit to the bottom line and a headache for everyone involved.
Human Exposure and Real-World Risks
Humans handle Piperazine 68% mostly while mixing feed or giving animals medication, so accidental spills or skin contact actually happen. Symptoms in people include nausea, headache, drowsiness, or in rare cases, blurred vision and rashes. Some reports even point to allergies or breathing problems. Safety data sheets warn about it for good reason. Failing to wear gloves or protective masks often leads to someone leaving the barn early with irritated skin, red eyes, or worse.
Piperazine in the Food Chain
Withdrawal times matter—nobody wants traces of the drug in eggs, milk, or meat. Farmers must wait out the advised window after dosing before butchering an animal or selling milk. Skipping this step risks putting unsafe products on store shelves, leading to trust issues for producers and health worries for shoppers. Regulatory authorities check for chemical residue, and violations can lead to fines or rejected shipments—a real headache for anyone trying to turn a profit.
Smart Practices and Safer Outcomes
Reading the label remains the best defense. Guessing or following old habits from neighboring farms sets up trouble down the line. Sticking to the recommended dose based on animal size and species makes a difference. People often find that less is more here. Extra medication rarely clears a tough case of worms quicker, but it almost always invites complications.
Veterinarians play a big part. Regular checkups let them catch and treat infestations early, which lowers the need for hard-hitting drugs. Their advice can save time and money, not to mention animal lives. Education about storage—keeping piperazine away from feed, kids, or pets—also helps avoid accidents. Secure containers and clear labeling cut down on mix-ups.
Looking Forward
Newer anthelmintic treatments have entered the market, but piperazine 68% still finds a place on many farms, especially where budgets run tight. Safe handling, close attention to dosing, and old-fashioned common sense lower the risks for both people and animals. Regular training for farm staff, plus prompt reporting of side effects to experts, can turn a risky task into a routine job with few surprises.
Everyday Risks in Chemical Storage
Piperazine 68% doesn’t show up on most people’s radar––but anyone who works around chemicals knows how little it takes for a careless move to cause a problem. I remember walking through a warehouse, barely paying attention, and nearly bumping a hand truck into a stack of drums. That little lapse is all it takes for an accident to get out of hand, especially with chemicals that react to moisture or don’t play nice with other common supplies.
Understanding the Real Hazards
This solution packs a punch. Piperazine 68% stands as a corrosive substance, one that can irritate skin and eyes on contact. Vapors sting lungs faster than you’d expect. On top of that, mixups with acids, oxidizers, or just plain water due to spills can feed risky chemical reactions. Everyone who’s spent time around industrial storage knows that safety isn’t about ticking off checklists, but about protecting workers from the kind of pain that sticks around for months, not just minutes.
Simple Storage: The Right Container and Space
Let’s keep things simple: don’t use old or mystery drums––always go for containers rated for strongly basic and reactive liquids. Sealing matters more than most folks think. If you leave caps loose, even for a few hours, moisture sneaks in and degradation starts. Place drums or carboys in a cool, well-ventilated area. Sunlight heats up containers, speeds up breakdown, and raises the risk of vapor leaks. Plastic and galvanized steel shelving break down after long exposure, so stick with stainless steel racks or durable, compatible polymers that stand up to ammonia-like fumes.
Handling: Training Isn’t Optional
Gloves, goggles, and a sturdy face shield save skin and eyes from splashes. Regular latex gloves or flimsy nitrile fare poorly against high-concentration bases like piperazine. Proper aprons and boots keep clothes and skin out of the danger zone. Folks tend to assume their team knows the drill, but a short training – showing what happens in a splash event using harmless colored water – sticks in the mind and prevents lazy habits from creeping in.
Think Ventilation: Stale Air Breeds Trouble
Ventilation often gets pushed down the list in older warehouses. Good airflow keeps vapors from accumulating, reducing headaches, burns, or worse. Open windows won’t cut it––mechanical exhausts above storage bays make the real difference. After seeing someone reeling from invisible vapor buildup, you remember to check fans yourself instead of waiting for maintenance to spot a problem.
Emergency Prep and Spill Control
Reliable spill kits, accessible eyewash stations, and clear walkways aren’t luxuries. I’ve watched close calls get out of hand because an absorbent pad or eyewash was boxed up or blocked by clutter. Run drills often enough that nobody forgets the steps. Keep clear, easy-to-read instructions right next to storage areas––even pros draw a blank when panic sets in.
Managing Waste and Residue
Pouring leftovers down the drain causes toxic buildup and legal headaches later. Store piperazine waste in sealed drums, labeled clearly, and hand them off to licensed hazardous waste handlers. Regular inspections of drums for leaks, corrosion, or unwanted gunk help spot trouble early.
Stable Supply, Safer Outcome
Reliable storage and careful handling mean fewer injuries, less downtime, and peace of mind across any operation. That’s the payoff when safety doesn’t get left at the door.
The Role of Piperazine 68% in Animal Care
Piperazine 68% plays a part in animal health, mainly as a dewormer used in livestock and pets. In many farming communities, this compound is a trusted treatment because it targets roundworms—a common enemy for both young animals and adults. As someone who grew up around small family farms, I know worm infestations can slow growth, impact milk output, and hurt an animal’s overall quality of life. Piperazine, used properly, can turn things around for affected herds or flocks.
Manufacturers often promote Piperazine as a straightforward solution for both cattle and poultry. Feed stores and veterinarians sometimes carry it for pigs, dogs, and even cats. It’s appealing due to its history, relative affordability, and ease of administration. Still, one-size-fits-all rarely works in animal medicine.
How Different Species Respond
Each animal’s digestive system and metabolism shape how it processes Piperazine. Chickens, for example, are often dosed through drinking water—a method that works well with their habits. Sheep and goats, on the other hand, might take it as a drench or mixed with grain. But, not all species handle the active compound the same way. Ruminants like cattle can tolerate Piperazine at higher doses than smaller animals. Chickens seem to recover quickly and resume laying after dosing, but dogs and cats could experience digestive upset or, rarely, neurological symptoms from a single slip in dosing.
Cats are particularly sensitive. Even a slight overdose can mean lethargy or nausea for them. I’ve seen family pets bounce back from mild infestations with careful dosing, but not every animal bounces back the same way. Some companion animals—ferrets, reptiles, young kittens—fall outside the usual safety margins. Not all cases of roundworms should be tackled with Piperazine, especially in smaller exotic pets or newborn litters.
Risks and Resistance
Many farmers choose Piperazine because it’s widely available and familiar. Yet, repeated use over time can lead to roundworm populations that no longer respond to treatment. My neighbors once had a flock of chickens that just wouldn’t clear up after treatment. Lab testing showed resistance—a growing concern in both backyard flocks and commercial settings. Piperazine doesn’t kill all parasitic worms; it mainly works on Ascaridia and similar roundworms. Hookworms, tapeworms, and whipworms shake off this kind of medication.
Residue risks also crop up in dairy animals and layer hens. Milk and egg withdrawal periods mean tracking treated animals closely and following directions to keep food safe for human consumption. Regulations in many regions require record-keeping, especially for animal products entering the food supply.
Best Practices for Use
Veterinary guidance remains essential. Proper weight assessment and species-specific instructions protect both animal safety and consumer trust. Many veterinarians encourage rotating between dewormers and checking fecal samples for signs of resistance. For families and hobby farmers, reading package inserts can save a lot of guesswork.
There’s no substitute for careful observation, routine vet visits, and good record-keeping. Piperazine, at 68%, can help many animals. Still, responsible dosing—and knowing which animals should not receive it—keeps both herds and homes safer.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | Piperazine |
| Other names |
PIP-68%
Piperazine anhydrous 68% Piperazine 68% aqueous solution Piperazine hydrate 68% Piperazinum 68% |
| Pronunciation | /ˈpaɪpəˌreɪziːn sɪks.tiː.eɪt pɜː.sənt/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 110-85-0 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1718730 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:8157 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1409 |
| ChemSpider | 2159 |
| DrugBank | DB00542 |
| ECHA InfoCard | ECHA InfoCard: 100.003.508 |
| EC Number | 110-85-0 |
| Gmelin Reference | 40904 |
| KEGG | C01237 |
| MeSH | D010871 |
| PubChem CID | 6079 |
| RTECS number | TK7875000 |
| UNII | TYR02560RM |
| UN number | UN2579 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C4H10N2 |
| Molar mass | 86.14 g/mol |
| Appearance | White or almost white flakes |
| Odor | Ammonia-like |
| Density | 1.06 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Soluble |
| log P | -1.3 |
| Vapor pressure | 0.0065 hPa (20°C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | pKa = 9.8 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 2.8 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -0.89 × 10⁻⁶ cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.4630 |
| Viscosity | 8-15 CPS |
| Dipole moment | 1.8 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 98.2 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -62.6 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -2108 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | Q52AG01 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. Harmful if swallowed. Harmful in contact with skin. Harmful if inhaled. May cause an allergic skin reaction. |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS06, GHS08 |
| Pictograms | GHS05,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H302, H319, H315, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | Precautionary statements: P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P330, P337+P313 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 2-0-0 |
| Flash point | 113°C |
| Autoignition temperature | 230°C |
| Explosive limits | 4.4–16.1% |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD₅₀ Oral Rat: 2,850 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): Oral, Rat: 5,140 mg/kg |
| NIOSH | SS8575000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL: 5 mg/m³ |
| REL (Recommended) | 10 mg/m³ |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | 800 ppm |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Piperazine
Piperazine hexahydrate Piperazine citrate Piperazine adipate Piperazine phosphate Piperazine dihydrochloride Piperazine sulfate |
